UTF-8 file test.txt:
JavaScript
x
AAAAAAAAAAAAAA
hex is
JavaScript
41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41
sed s/A/B/g test.txt
works
sed s/x41/B/g test.txt
does not work
Some characters are unprintable so I must use their hex, A
is just an example.
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Answer
the shell preprocesses it, use single quotes.
JavaScript
sed 's/x41/B/g' test.txt
echo -e x41 # x41
echo -e 'x41' # A